Informes recientes revelan una estrecha relación entre la migraña y los trastornos gastrointestinales (GI), como la enfermedad celíaca (EC) y la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca (NCGS). La EC es un trastorno genético autoinmune, que afecta la mucosa del intestino delgado.
La actividad histaminolítica mediada por la diamina oxidasa (DAO) está presente en el plasma después de la inducción de anafilaxia severa en ratas, cobayas y conejos. La heparina liberada durante la desgranulación de mastocitos en el tracto gastrointestinal podría liberar DAO de los sitios de almacenamiento sensibles a la heparina.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, mostly affecting young adults. Diamine oxidase is an enzyme essential for histamine production. Histamine which is produced mostly by mast cells can have effects on different aspects of immune system via its different histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R).
Low-histamine diets are currently used to reduce symptoms of histamine intolerance, a disorder in histamine homeostasis that increases plasma levels, mainly due to reduced diamine-oxidase (DAO) activity. These diets exclude foods, many of them of plant origin, which patients associate with the onset of the symptomatology.
Histamine intolerance represents a controversially discussed disorder. Besides an impaired degradation of orally supplied histamine due to diamine oxidase (DAO) deficiency, a deranged gut flora may also contribute to elevated histamine levels
Diagnosis of histamine intolerance (HIT) has been based on low serum diamine oxidase (DAO) values, functional gastrointestinal disorders and improvement of symptoms with a histamine-reduced diet (HRD). In a retrospective analysis of outpatients’ charts we identified 101 patients with HIT. After a median of 13 months, a questionnaire was distributed to the patients so that they could be classified into four diet-compliance groups.
Histamine intolerance (pseudoallergy) is a poorly investigated type of food hypersensitivity. The main enzyme responsible for histamine degradation in the extracellular matrix is diamine oxidase (DAO). Disturbances in the concentration or activity of DAO may lead to the development of clinical signs of allergy.
A total of 75% of the patients had a benefit from the low-histamine diet. Thirty-four of 56 patients (61%) reached the primary endpoint of the study, an improvement of UAS 4 of ≥3. Overall, a significant reduction from 9.05 to 4.23 points (P = 0.004) was achieved; the average reduction in a strongly affected subgroup was 8.59 points (P < 0.001). DAO activity remained stable.
Tyramine and histamine are the main dietary bioactive amines related to acute adverse health effects. Dry fermented sausages can easily accumulate high levels of these hazards and are frequently consumed in Spain. The present work aims to assess the exposure to tyramine and histamine from the consumption of dry fermented sausages by the Spanish population and to assess the risk to suffer acute health effects from this exposure.
